by Suhotra Swami
Siddhartha Gautama was the blessed and beautiful prince of the Sakyas,
a royal family descended from the Suryavamsha (the Solar Dynasty of
ancient Indian kings). He had always been carefully sheltered from the
distresses of life by his father, King Shuddhodana.
In Kapilavastu, his capital near the Himalayan foothills, the king built
three palaces for his son, one specially designed to be comfortable in the
cold season, another for the hot season, and the third for the monsoon.
These palaces towered in ornate splendour above beautiful gardens
adorned with lotus ponds.
The prince was always surrounded by a host of lovely damsels who
rendered him all kinds of personal service; they entertained him day and
night with dance, music and games that were suited to every occasion and
season. Prince Siddhartha wore only the finest cloth imported from
Varanasi, a city which even today remains famous for its silk. His body
was perfumed with the pulp of sandalwood. Day and night, a white
parasol was held over his head. Even the servants in his palaces were fed
sumptuously, so that the prince would not see want in others.
The reason for all this pampering was that when the prince was born, a
famous sage named Asita predicted that if Siddhartha became aware of
the miseries of existence, he would renounce the world and establish a
great religion (dharma). "Out of compassion for suffering humanity,",
said Asita, ".....this prince will lead many people on the way to a holy life.
Thus he will be a chakravartin, one who turns the wheel of dharma." King
Shuddhodana, fearing the loss of his only son to asceticism, did his royal
best to insure Siddhartha would never learn the meaning of the word
suffering. But the outcome of the prince's life was already cast; after all,
the name Siddhartha means "one whose aim is accomplished."
Once, not long after his twenty ninth birthday, Prince Gautama went for a
chariot drive along the royal road towards the palace park. As usual, he
was accompanied by an escort of guards and attendants whose specific
duty was to shield the prince from even the slightest unpleasantness.
Nonetheless, on that day, the young man's eyes fell upon the frail, bent
figure of a sad looking toothless man, so withered by age that he could
hardly stand, his face pallid and his eyes devoid of lustre.
When he inquired from an associate the reason for the decrepit man's
plight, he was shocked to learn that it was simply due to the passage of
time, and that given enough time, everyone would experience the misery
of old age.The prince returned to the palace in a gloom. He pondered how foolish it
was for men to pass their time in the joys of the senses when in the end
they would be reduced to the same condition of stark, trembling
helplessness as he'd seen today.
King Suddhodhana, observing his son's moroseness, ordered punishment
for the escort of guards and attendants, thinking they'd failed in their
duty. He then arranged for a special program of entertainment for the
prince, and after a few days' time, it appeared that Siddhartha was his
same jovial self again. But the impact of seeing that old man had shaken
his inner composure.
On another occasion not long thereafter, Siddhartha Gautama chanced to
see a man groaning and writhing in the throes of some terrible sickness.
He again became depressed when he was told that disease was inevitably
suffered by all beings in the material world.
And though it seemed that the prince once more shook off the grips of
melancholia, on a third chariot ride he came upon a corpse being carried
to the cremation grounds. Learning that death is the ultimate misfortune
from which there is no escape, Siddhartha became inwardly restless. A
profound yearning arose within him for release from the sufferings
imposed upon all beings by the implacable laws of nature.
Lastly, Prince Siddhartha met a sannyasi, a shaven headed renunciate
who wore a simple robe of saffron colour and carried nothing except a
water pot and a danda (stick). The prince was mystified by the saintly
man's aura of inner peace and, ordering his chariot to stop, inquired from
the monk the reason for his adopting this way of life.
"O prince," answered the monk, "seeing the never ending miseries of
worldly existence, I have renounced all family ties for gaining the
permanent peace and happiness of a tranquil mind."
And so did Siddhartha Gautama's disquieted mind come to find the
doorway to new hope. Henceforward the prince's whole attitude towards
life changed. When, soon after his meeting with the sannyasi, he was
informed that his beautiful young wife, Yashodhara, had given birth to a
son, he exclaimed, "Yet another bond! Let this child be called Rahula" (a
diminutive form of Rahu, the name of a malignant planet). The delights of
the senses had become his disgust; he vowed, "I shall go forth into the
struggle of subduing my senses. Therein only shall my mind find
happiness."
In the middle of the night after the birth of his son, the prince awoke to
view in the light of the full moon what he later called "the wretchedness of
lust" around him: his female attendants, after celebrating Rahula's birth
with song and dance into the late hours, had fallen asleep from exhaustionand lay in dishevelled and unseemly poses about the palace. Full of deep
resolve to transcend the allurements of illusion that bind one to birth and
death, Siddhartha Gautama left everything, cut off his hair and donned
the robes of renunciation.
After six years of austerity and meditation, a wondrous insight dawned
upon the prince as he sat under a Bodhi tree not far from the holy city of
Gaya, sacred to devotees of Vishnu. He saw the darkness of the
miserable material world dissolve into the light of divine knowledge, which
revealed the true nature of all beings. Gazing upon them with the pure
emotions of friendship, compassion and benevolence, Gautama saw
clearly that although the living entities suffer in the whirlpool of samsara
(repeated birth and death which is found in all species throughout the
universe), they are of an essence sublime, like unto his own.
For seven days, Siddhartha Gautama sat absorbed in the ecstacy of
transcendence. Four headed Brahma, the chief demigod of cosmic
creation and the guru (teacher) of the sacred Vedas for the whole
universe, then appeared before him. Hailing him as the "All seeing
Buddha," Brahma requested that he preach a new dharma for the
salvation of the fallen souls, "those lost in suffering, overcome by birth
and decay." As described in the Mahavagga, the Buddha then "looked full
of compassion with the Buddhic eye towards sentient beings all over the
universe, and declared 'The door to the realm of the immortals is now
wide open to all those who hear me.'"
Who is the Buddha?
There are many people, even among those claiming to be Buddhists, who
think that the Buddha was an ordinary man who attained a rare level of
self awareness. As a popular treatise on Buddhism explains, "The Buddha
is not a God or a deity who one should pray to for some fulfilment in life.
The Buddha is not an incarnation of God [nor] a prophet nor a messenger
of God........He is a human being but a very special human being, one who
has gained what we call 'Enlightenment'."
But in the Buddhist scriptures we find the Buddha him self declares
otherwise. In the Donasutta he says, "I am not a deva (demigod), a
gandharva (an angel), a yaksha (fierce guardian spirit), nor a human
being." Yet, while declaring himself to be not a human being, does the
Buddha deny that he is God, the Father of all beings? In the Mahavagga
the Buddha says, "The Buddha looks with kind heart equally upon all
beings, and they therefore call him 'Father'. To disrespect a father is
wrong; to despise him is wicked." And in the Saddharma Pundarika, he
clearly announces:
yam eva ham lokapita svayambhu
cikitsakah sarvaprajnan natah"I am the Self born, the Father of the World, the Lord of All Beings and
the Remover of Ills."
Moreover, the Buddha is addressed throughout the scriptures with titles
asserting his divinity, such as Bhagavata (Supreme Person), Lokavid
(Knower of All Worlds), Anuttara (the Unsurpassable) and Shasta Deva
Manushyanam (Lord of Men and Demigods).
In Bhagavad Gita, the ancient Sanskrit text of the transcendental
teachings of Sri Krishna to His disciple Arjuna, we find very similar titles of
address. Krishna is called Bhagavan (Supreme Lord), Lokapita (Father of
the Worlds), Svayamatma (Self Existing), Aja (Unborn), Sarva Loka
Maheshvaram (Lord of all Planets and Demigods), and Buddhir
Buddhimatam (the Enlightenment of the Enlightened Ones).
In Bhagavad Gita, Krishna reveals to Arjuna that He is the original
Vishnu, Who is worshipped as the Supreme Person by the followers of the
Vedas. And in a Buddhist text, Lankavatara sutra, the Buddha is identified
with the self same Vishnu.
The similarities of the portrayals of the Buddha in Buddhist scriptures and
Sri Krishna in Bhagavad Gita has not gone unnoticed by scholars. K.N.
Upadhyaya writes in "Studies in the History of Buddhism." In striking
resemblance to Bhagavad Gita, the very form and atmosphere in which
the Buddha appears in the Sad dharma Pundarika is astonishingly
supernatural. Like the cosmic form of Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita, he is
depicted as shedding resplendent light, dazzling the enormous space from
hell to the 18,000 regions of Buddhas."
It is a common figure of speech to refer to the qualities of a person as
"nature", for example, "he is good natured", or "her nature is very shy."
From Bhagavad Gita we learn that Krishna is the Eternal Supreme Person
and His nature is all pervading pure consciousness, which is the support of
everything. In other words, everything in existence is an aspect of God's
nature, including our own selves.
Krishna's nature has two broad divisions: spirit and matter. Spirit, which
is eternal, full of knowledge and bliss, is reality. Matter, which is
temporary, full of ignorance and suffering, is the shadow of reality. It is
also called maya, illusion.
In Bhagavad Gita, Krsna declares the living souls to be tiny individual
aspects of His self effulgent spiritual nature. Unfortunately, some souls
have fallen into the darkness of maya, Krishna's shadow, just as sparks
fall out of a fire and lose their original brilliance. These fallen souls are
conditioned by karma, the material law of action and reaction. The law of
karma keeps them bound to the cycle of samsara in ever changingphysical bodies, in which they must suffer birth, disease, old age and
death.
A man's shadow always depends upon that man; he is never dependent
upon his shadow. Similarly, though the material existence depends fully
upon Krishna, He is independent from it, because He is purely spiritual.
Therefore, when He descends into the material world to deliver the fallen
souls, He is never conditioned by karma. He declares to Arjuna, "My
appearance and activities in this world are always divyam (divine)." The
cause for His descent is His infinite compassion for the souls suffering
from ignorance.
Krishna's appearances in this world are like the endless flowing of the
ocean waves they are countless, and they flow across all of the countless
universes. Thus He appears throughout all history in unlimited forms
called avatars (descended ones) to teach the way by which the lost souls
may regain their eternality. Indeed, the very name Krishna means "He
who nullifies (na) the cycle (krish) of repeated birth and death."
According to time, place and circumstances, one avatar may teach
spiritual knowledge in a way different from other avatars, but the aim is
always the same to impel the fallen souls to somehow or other enter the
stream of dharma. "He utters different discourses on dharma which may
differ in their principles, to beings who differ in their mode of life and
intentions and who wander amidst various speculations and perceptions,
in order to generate the roots of good in them." (Sad dharma Pundarika)
Out of countless avatars, ten are especially venerated in the Vedic
scriptures. The ninth is the Buddha avatara, who appears in the
beginning of the age called Kali yuga. There are four great ages of history
that pass in cycles lasting for many thousands of years, just as the yearly
seasons of spring, summer, fall and winter pass in cycles of many days.
Five thousand years ago the earth entered Kali yuga, the Age of
Darkness. The Buddha appeared about 2500 years ago. The Kali yuga
will continue for another 427,000 years. But since the great Yugas or
ages are cyclical, the Buddha will surely appear again in the future, as he
has repeatedly in the past.
What was the Buddha's Mission?
There is a controversy about just what the Buddha taught that will be
looked at in more depth shortly. But for the moment, some basic points
of his teachings that are accepted by all Buddhists may be mentioned.
The Buddha taught that material existence is dukha, miserable. He
taught that there is samudaya, a cause of material existence; and
because there is a cause, there is also nirodha, a way to remove materialexistence. That way is marga, the path of righteousness which the
Buddha himself demonstrated by his own example.
Two ancient Buddhist philosophers, Aryadeva and Chandrakirti, have
written that the marga or path of the Buddha can be summed up in just
two words: ahimsa (non violence) and shunyata (extinction).
Non violence is one of 26 qualities that Sri Krishna counts as daivi
sampat, "of the nature divine." The Buddha's mission of non violence in
the cruel Kali age has won him the eternal praise of a great devotee of
Krishna, Jayadeva Gosvami, who wrote in his famous Sanskrit work Gita
Govinda:
nindasi yajna vidher ahaha shruti jatam
sadaya hrdaya darshita pashu ghatam
keshava dhrita buddha sharira
jaya jagadisha hare
"O Keshava (Krishna), Lord of the Universe, who have assumed the form
of Buddha! All glories to You! O Buddha of compassionate heart, you
decry the slaughtering of poor animals performed according to the rules of
Vedic sacrifice."
At the time of the Buddha, wicked minded Brahmins (so called Vedic
priests) who were devoid of spiritual knowledge were engaging in
wholesale animal slaughter in the name of Vedic rituals. In previous ages,
highly qualified priests and kings used to sometimes perform ritualistic
animal sacrifices that promoted the souls of the animals to the human
form of life. But since in the Age of Kali there are no such qualified
performers of sacrifice, these rituals are therefore forbidden by the
scriptures. Buddha appeared to enforce this prohibition by preaching the
dharma of non violence.
For this reason, the Buddha is glorified in the Vedic scriptures: buddhas
tu pashanda gana pramadat "May Lord Buddhadeva protect me from
activities opposed to Vedic principles and from the madness that causes
one to forget true Vedic knowledge and ritualistic action." (Srimad
Bhagavatam 6.8.19)
There is an ancient poem, reputed to be the only text ever written by the
Buddha himself:
"Creatures without feet have my love. And like wise those who have two
feet; and those, too, who have many feet. Let creatures all, all things
that live, all beings of whatever kind, see nothing that will bode them ill.
May no evil come to them." Even as a child, Gautama Buddha rescued
wounded animals from cruel hunters. And later when preaching thedharma, he made total renunciation of meat eating a fundamental part of
his prescription for humanity.
In the Mahaparinirvana sutra, the Buddha declares, "The eating of meat
extinguishes the seed of maha karuna (great compassion)." In the
Lankavatara sutra he says, "For the sake of love of purity, the enlightened
Buddhist should refrain from eating flesh, which is born from blood and
semen. For fear of causing terror to living beings, let the enlightened
Buddhist, who is disciplining himself to attain compassion, refrain from
eating meat." He is cited in the Surangama sutra as saying, "The reason
for meditating and seeking enlightenment is to escape from the suffering
of life. But in seeking to escape from suffering ourselves, why should we
inflict it upon others? Unless you can so control your minds that even the
thought of brutal unkindness and killing is abhorrent, you will never be
able to escape from the bondage of mundane life."
Nowadays some Buddhists think that meat can be eaten if the animal was
not specifically slaughtered for their enjoyment; even some bhikshus
(monks) think that they may eat meat when it is given to them as alms,
because they were not involved in the killing.
But such false ideas are refuted in the scriptures. In the Lankavatara
sutra the Buddha enjoins, "It is not true that meat is proper food and
permissible when the animal was not killed by himself, when he did not
order others to kill it, when it was not specifically meant for him...meat
eating in any form, in any manner and in any place is unconditionally and
once and for all prohibited...Meat eating I have not permitted to anyone, I
do not permit, I will not permit...........!"
Concerning those who nowadays teach that Buddhism permits meat
eating, the Buddha declares in the Surangama sutra, "After my
parinirvana (departure from this world into Nirvana)...different kinds of
ghosts will be encountered everywhere deceiving people and teaching
them that they can eat meat and still attain enlightenment................How
can a bhikshu, who hopes to become a deliverer of others, himself be
living on the flesh of other sentient beings?"
The Buddha's absolute prohibition of animal slaughter and meat eating
corresponds completely to the definition of ahimsa in Bhagavad Gita. The
Manu samhita, a code book of Vedic ethics, warnthat they who kill
animals, as well as they who prepare the flesh for consumption, or sell it,
or transport and distribute it, or eat it, are equally sinful.
Besides ahimsa, the other vital feature of the way of the Buddha is
shunyata, the extinction of the desire for material existence which in turn
extinguishes repeated birth and death.On this point, too, Buddha consciousness and Krishna consciousness
agree. Srila Rupa Gosvami, a great philosopher and devotee of Krishna
from the 16th century, has written
anyabhilashita shunyam
jnana karmady anavrttam
"The lust for gross sense enjoyment (e.g. meat eating, illicit sex,
gambling and intoxication) as well as the finer, or subtle desires for
mental speculation and fruitive action are to be made shunya (void)."
In the ”Sutra of Forty two Sections (a Chinese compilation of 42 sayings
of the Buddha), we find the means to shunyata is explained in exactly the
same way: "The gross passions grow from the finer will to act; the will to
act grows from the even finer speculations of the mind. When these are
calmed, transmigration will cease."
Buddhists strive for Nirvana; the word nirvana literally means "to leave
the forest of material existence." In the Vedic scriptures, the material
world is often compared to a dark, frightening vana (forest). In the
Dhammapada the Buddha preaches, "Cut down the whole forest of lust,
not
just
one
tree.
Danger comes out of the forest of lust; when you have cut down the
forest of lust and its undergrowth, then, monks, you will be rid of the
forest and freed."
In Bhagavad Gita (2.71-72), Krishna tells Arjuna, "A person who has
given up all desires for sense gratification, who lives free from desires,
who has given up all sense of proprietorship and is devoid of false ego he
alone can attain real and lasting peace. That is the way of the spiritual and
godly life, after attaining which a man is not bewildered. Being so
situated, even at the hour of death, one can enter the spiritual realm
(brahma nirvana)."
Here a point of controversy may be raised. Many Buddhists will argue
that the concept of brahma nirvana taught in Bhagavad Gita has no place
in Buddhism, because Brahman (the eternal spiritual realm) is contrary to
Buddhist shunyata, which is neither spiritual nor material but simply
nothingness or void. Furthermore, the Buddhist doctrine of shunyata
denies the eternality of the soul: according to many Buddhist texts,
existence is anatta (soulless) and the idea "I have a self" is false and must
be overcome to attain Nirvana.
Four observations may be made to refute these dogmatic assertions.
1. The Buddha rejected the false ego, but not the real ego. He rejected
the Brahman of the blind followers of doctrines, but not the real
Brahman. If the Buddha intended to reject utterly and entirely the self orsoul (atta in Pali, atma in Sanskrit), then why, in Digha nikaya does he
say atta dipa vidharatha atta sharana ("keep the soul as your lamp and
only shelter") and katam me sharanam attano ("I have made the soul my
refuge")?
When the Buddha proclaimed anatma or soullessness, he was refuting the
false doctrine of the soul propounded by the Brahmins of the karma kanda
school, who were the same animal killers opposed to the Buddha's mission
of ahimsa. According to them, the atma is meant to eternally enjoy the
fruits of punya karma, or rituals yielding material pleasures in future lives.
In other words, their concept of the soul was inseparable from the lust to
enjoy matter.
It was this false impure soul, self or ego that the Buddha de cried; yet he
affirmed the pure non material soul as the true self in which we should all
take shelter. Therefore the ancient Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna
observed that the Buddha taught both atman and anatman.
In the same way, the Buddha rejected the hypothetical Brahman of the
argumentative priests of the jnana kanda school, who thought it could be
attained by mental speculation. But he told of personally knowing the
true Brahman.
In the Tevijjasutta of the Digha nikaya, the Buddha meets two Brahmins,
Bharadvaja and Vasettha, who are arguing about the nature of Brahman.
Buddha asks them if they or their teachers had ever seen Brahman.
Receiving a sheepish "no", Buddha compares the two Brahmins to a young
man who loudly declares love for a woman he has never seen nor knows
anything about.
"For Brahman I know," the Buddha tells them, "and the realm of
Brahman, and the path that lead eth to it. Yea, I know it even as one who
has entered the Brahman realm, and has been born within it."
2. The Buddha's mission was not to settle the philosophical disputes of
his time, but to deliver the fallen souls.
At the time the Buddha began his mission, there were 62 schools of
philosophy in India wrangling over endless metaphysical questions. He
saw this doctrinal disputation to be a useless waste of time, and dissuaded
his disciples from entering into such discussions. The path of the Buddha
was a path of practical purification. The ability to comprehend abstract
doctrines was not a qualification to follow his path.
"All living beings ... either thoughtful or thoughtless are lead by me to the
final Nirvana of the extinction of reincarnation." (ajracchedika prajna
paramita sutra)It was not the Buddha's mission to establish another theory of the soul,
Brahman, God, etc., for these subjects had simply become the cause of
heated quarrel. Questions on these themes he dismissed as avyakrta,
"unanswerable". For this reason, the modern Buddhist's insistence that
"the Buddha taught the doctrine of voidism, not the doctrine of positive
spiritual existence" misses the simple fact that the Buddha taught no
doctrine at all. "Buddhist doctrine", (e.g. shunyavada, vijnanavada,
yogachara, shrautranika etc.) was developed after the time of the Buddha.
That he taught no specific doctrine is illustrated in his meeting with the
philosopher Vachgotta, who questioned the Buddha repeatedly whether he
believed in the existence or non existenceof the soul. The Buddha
remained silent until Vachgotta left. He later explained, "If I had
answered, 'there is a soul', that would have only confirmed the doctrine
preached by the Brahmins. If I had answered, 'there is no soul', that
would have only confirmed the doctrine of those who say the self dies with
the body."
3. The Buddha did not claim to teach the ultimate truth for all time, but
only what the Buddhists of his time could understand.
It would be foolish to insist that Buddhism is the last word in
understanding the meaning of existence when the Buddha himself denied
it. Once, when preaching to his disciples while sitting under a Simsapa
tree, he was asked if there was more Truth than that he had revealed. He
picked up some fallen leaves and asked if there were more leaves in his
hand or in the tree. When his disciples responded, "There are more in the
tree", he answered, "Similarly, there is unlimitedly more Truth than what I
give you now."
4. The canonical Buddhist scriptures are questionable renditions of the
Buddha's teachings.
Like the New Testament and Christ, the Buddhist scriptures were neither
written by the Buddha nor written down in his lifetime by his disciples.
Instead, his disciples committed his sayings to memory; but within 100
days of the Buddha's passing from this world there was a controversy
between Upali, called "the keeper of the law", and Ananda, considered the
disciple closest to the Buddha, over the correct wording of their master's
sayings.
A great council of Buddhists was called a few months later to resolve the
confusion, and another convened a century later, but it was not until
almost 250 years after the Buddha's passing that the Buddhist king
Ashoka forced a final revision of the still unwritten scriptures. In doing
this, Ashoka purged many learned Buddhists who did not agree with his
point of view. Only after this third council was the main body of Buddhist
scriptures (Tripitaka) finally set down in writing.The Vedic scriptures, on the other hand, were passed down by a line of
greatly realised spiritual masters since very ancient times. Thus the
authenticity of the most important Vedic scriptures like the Bhagavad
Gita, Upanisads, and Srimad Bhagavatam is unimpeachable. Therefore,
the key to understanding the mission of the Buddha is best gotten from
them.
The Buddha, Incarnation of Krishna
But one may ask, "How are we to understand the Buddha through the
Vedic scriptures when he himself decried their authority? The Vedas teach
of God; but Buddha is not known to have spoken about God. How can
these contradictions be reconciled?"
The answer comes from A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami in his commentary to
Srimad Bhagavatam 1.3.24: "At the time when Lord Buddha appeared,
the people in general were atheistic and preferred animal flesh to anything
else. On the plea of Vedic sacrifice, every place was practically turned
into a slaughter house, and animal killing was indulged in unrestrictedly.
Lord Buddha preached non violence, taking pity upon the poor animals. He
preached that he did not believe in the tenets of the Vedas and stressed
the adverse psychological effects incurred by animal killing. Less
intelligent men of the age of Kali, who had no faith in God, followed his
principle, and for the time being were trained in discipline and non
violence, the preliminary steps for proceeding further on the path of God
realisation. He deluded the atheists because such atheists following his
principles did not believe in God, but they kept their absolute faith in Lord
Buddha, who himself was an incarnation of God. Thus the faithless people
were made to believe in God in the form of Lord Buddha. That was the
mercy of Lord Buddha: he made the faithless faithful to him."
Indeed, in the Milindapanha, the Buddha preaches: "Rituals have no
efficacy, prayers are vain repetitions and have no saving power. But to
abandon covetousness, to become free of evil passions, and to give up all
hatred and ill will, that is the right sacrifice and true worship." And in
regards to sowing faith in the hearts of the faithless, he says in the Kashi
Bharadvaja sutta : "My seed is faith" (shraddha bijam).
There is certain evidence that faith in the Buddha as the Supreme Lord
did sprout within the hearts of his sincere followers. In the Lankavatara
sutra, the Buddha is exalted as nishthabhava param brahma, "the very
existence of the Supreme Lord (param brahma)." The same scripture
declares that the Buddha is known by the names Vishnu and Ishvara.
Parambrahma, Vishnu and Ishvara are all names of Krishna found in the
Bhagavad Gita.
In the Vajrayana (Diamond Vehicle) school of Buddhism, an often
chanted prayer known as the avalokiteshvara mantra (the Spiritual Mantraof Great Compassion) weaves names of other avataras of Krishna such as
Hari, Varaha and Simhashiramukha (He with the face of a lion, Nrsingha)
together with various more common known names of Buddha.
Thus, the dharma established by the Buddha gradually evolved into
indirect devotion to Krishna, and led the followers of the Buddha to the
chanting of Krishna's holy name, which is repeatedly stressed in the Vedic
scriptures as being the yuga dharma, the only religion that can nullify the
evil effects of Kali yuga. As it is stated in the Brhan Naradiya Purana:
harer nama harer nama harer nama eva kevalam
kalau nasteva nasteva nasteva gatir anyatha
"There is no other way to reach the supreme goal of life in the Kali yuga
than by chanting the holy name of Hari (Krishna)."
The Diamond Vehicle was the last Buddhist school to develop in India
before Buddhism was expelled from that country; it is interesting to note
that this school, so obviously influenced by devotion to Krishna, is said to
have
begun
in
Bengal
(eastern
India).
For, beginning in the early 16th century of the Christian calendar, Bengal
was the focus of a great upheaval of Krishna bhakti (devotion to Krishna)
which burst forth upon that region from the city of Navadvipa, where Sri
Caitanya Mahaprabhu took His birth in A.D. 1486.
Sri Caitanya's Movement
Indeed, Sri Caitanya was directly the cause for this sudden mass
popularity of Krishna consciousness, which came to be known as the
sankirtana movement. Sankirtana refers to the congregational chanting
of the Hare Krishna maha mantra (Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna
Krishna Hare Hare Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare) in large
public processions with the accompaniment of musical instruments like
drums and cymbals.
Sri Caitanya was a full manifestation of Lord Krishna in this world; a
particularly wonderful characteristic of His was His personal beauty, which
shone with the lustre of molten gold. Thus He was known as Gauranga
(one whose bodily features are golden).
But like the Buddha avatara, Lord Caitanya's divinity was not revealed to
the general mass of people until after he grew to be a young man.
Throughout His early life He was looked upon as a very clever Brahmin
boy, but not more. In an extraordinary parallel to the Buddha, Caitanya's
divine symptoms did not appear until he made a pilgrimage to the holy
city of Gaya.The great transformation began when He met a sannyasi, Ishvara Puri,
who initiated Him into the chanting of Krishna's holy name. He returned
to Navadvipa in a tumult of spiritual ecstacy, and hence forward organised
the sankirtana movement as the means to spread Krishna's name
everywhere. Who ever heard the holy name of Krishna from the lotus like
lips of Lord Caitanya was overwhelmed by the transcendental bliss of
Krishna prema, love of Krishna.
Although it is for some reason not known to most Buddhists today, the
Buddha also sometimes used the word prema (in Pali, pema) to describe
the love that his disciples felt for him, a love that would sometimes move
them to tears. But that love was a mere reflection compared to the
intense spiritual emotions that Sri Caitanya used to display and invoke in
the hearts of others.
This ecstacy is called viraha, or the mood of overwhelming separation
from the beloved of the soul, Sri Krishna. The viraha mood was described
by Sri Caitanya in the following words:
yugayitam nimeshena
chakshusha pravrishayatam
shunyayatam jagat sarvam
govinda virahena me
"My Lord Govinda (Krishna), because of separation from You, I consider
even a moment a great millennium. Tears flow from my eyes like torrents
of rain, and I see the entire world as void (shunya)."
Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu taught that unless the soul's dormant love for
Krishna, the Supreme Soul, is revived, it is extremely difficult to nullify
material existence; but when the yearnings of love of God flood the heart,
the captivating allurements of this world fade into nothingness.
A Bengali scripture called Sri Caitanya bhagavata describes many of the
pastimes of the Lord; one was the Mahaprakash, in which for 21 hours He
revealed many of Krishna's avatar forms within His own person, including
that of the Buddha.
When He was 24 years of age, He accepted the sannyasa order of life and
travelled around India for 6 years, preaching Krishna consciousness;
afterward, he remained at the holy city of Jagannatha Puri, on the East
coast of India (Orissa), until His disappearance from this world in the forty
eighth year after His appearance. Sri Caitanya Caritamrta, another
Bengali scripture, reveals that during His tour through South India, He
instructed many Buddhists in the chanting of the holy name of Krishna.
Later, a great follower of Sri Caitanya named Virabhadra Goswami
became famous in Bengal for his mass conversion of about 2500 Buddhistmonks and nuns to the way of Krishna bhakti; they were known in the
samkirtana movement as the Nedas (shaven headed ones), and became a
great force in spreading the movement in Dakha (the city now known as
Dacca, capital of Bangladesh).
The samkirtana movement continues to spread around the worldto all
nations and cultures in the form of the International Society for Krishna
Consciousness (ISKCON), founded in 1965 by His Divine Grace A.C.
Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. ISKCON is a non sectarian fellowship
of people who are serious about following the stream of dharma to the
ocean of nectar of devotion to Krishna. The stream of dharma flows
through the whole universe, and, like a river that flows through different
countries, is known by different names to different people: Buddhism,
Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, etc. The ocean of nectar, which gives us
the full taste of spiritual bliss for which we are always anxious, is made
immediately available to anyone, regardless of race, caste, or creed, who
simply takes the Great Mantra for Deliverance:
HARE KRISHNA HARE KRISHNA KRISHNA KRISHNA HARE HARE
HARE RAMA HARE RAMA RAMA RAMA HARE HARE