What Is Hinduism?
by Suhotra Swami
Table of contents:
* {1.} Hinduism
* {2.} Vedanta
* {3.} Siddhanta (Philosophical Conclusion)
* {4.} Shankara and Buddhism
* {5.} Differences Among the Four Vaishnava Sampradayas
* {6.} Reconciliation of the Four Vaishnava Viewpoints
* {7.} Sanatana-dharma
* {8.} The Avataras of Godhead
* {9.} Liberation in Krishna Consciousness
1
------------------------------------
A Christian, visiting India from the West, would surely think it strange if he or she was told
by an Indian, "You are a follower of Jordanism." Christianity, along with Judaism and Islam,
hails from the region of the Jordan river. But it is unlikely that Christians, Jews and Muslims
would like their faiths being lumped together under such an artificial, unscriptural category as
"Jordanism." Yet just this sort of thing was done to the followers of the indigenous religions
of India. The word "Hinduism" is derived from the name of a river in present-day Pakistan,
the Sindhu (also known as the Indus). Beginning around 1000 AD, invading armies from the
Middle East called the place beyond the Sindhu "Hindustan" and the people who lived there
the "Hindus". (Due to the invaders' language, the s was change to h.) In the centuries that
followed, the term "Hindu" became acceptable even to the Indians themselves as a general
designation for their different religious traditions. But since the word Hindu is not found in
the scriptures upon which these traditions are based, it is quite inappropriate. The proper term
is vedic dharma; the next two paragraphs briefly explain each of these words.
The word vedic refers to the teachings of the Vedic literatures. From these literatures we learn
that this universe, along with countless others, was produced from the breath of Maha-Vishnu some 155,250,000,000,000 years ago. The Lord's divine breath simultaneously transmitted all
the knowledge humankind requires to meet the material needs and revive his dormant God
consciousness of each person. This knowledge is called Veda. Caturmukha (four-faced)
Brahma, the first created being within this universe, received Veda from Vishnu. Brahma,
acting as an obedient servant of the Supreme Lord, populated the planetary systems with all
species of life and imparted the Vedic scriptures as the guide for spiritual and material
progress. Veda is thus traced to the very beginning of the cosmos.
Some of the most basic Vedic teachings seen within modern Hinduism are:
* Every living creature is an eternal soul covered by a material body.* The souls bewildered by maya (the illusion of identifying the self with the body) must
reincarnate from body to body, life after life.
* To accept a material body means to suffer the fourfold pangs of birth, old age, disease, and
death.
* Depending upon the quality of work (karma) in the human form, a soul may take its next
birth in a subhuman species, the human species, a superhuman species, or may be freed from
birth and death altogether.
r
PD
* Karma dedicated in sacrifice as directed by Vedic injunctions elevates and liberates the
soul.
Dharma is the essential nature of the Veda. The term dharma is translated as "duty," "virtue,"
"morality," "righteousness," or "religion," but no single English word conveys the whole
meaning of dharma. The Vedic sage Jaimini defined dharma as "a good the nature of a
command that leads to the attainment of the highest good." Now, there are different opinions
as to what the highest good is that the Veda commands mankind to attain. These different
opinions are the basis of the multifarious kinds of religious worship seen today within so-
called Hinduism. From out of the gamut of Hindu piety, three great religious traditions
emerge: Smarta-brahmanism, Shiva-shaktaism, and Vaishnavism. Each tradition is associated
with one of the tri-murtis, the three main deities of Vedic dharma: Brahma, Shiva, and
Vishnu.
The Smarta-brahmanas or hereditary priests preside over the religious affairs of millions of
ordinary Hindus. These priests conduct the services for the different devatas (demigods) that
bless common people with material benedictions (wealth, family happiness, good health and
so on). The Smarta-brahmanas are grouped in gotras (families) that are said to descend from
Caturmukha Brahma. They uphold and defend the caste system (jati-vyavastha) which
determines a person's social position in Hindu society. For a Smarta-brahmana, the main
qualification of brahmanism (priesthood) is birth in a brahmana-gotra.
The Saivites and the Shaktas worship Shiva and his feminine energy Shakti, who is addressed
by names like Devi, Durga, Parvati and Kali. While Brahma is the lord of cosmic creation,
Shiva is the lord of cosmic devastation. Shakti is the goddess of the total material nature, or
prakriti. Because Shiva is very easily pleased, those who desire rapid material advancement
for little effort are especially interested in worshiping him and Shakti. The worship of
Ganesha and Muruga (Kartikeya) is associated with Saivism, because they are both sons of
Shiva. Also associated with Saivism and Shaktaism are left-and right-hand tantra.
Vaishnavism is the worship of Vishnu, the controller of the sattva-guna, the mode of
goodness, by which everything is maintained. Brahma controls rajo-guna, the mode of
passion, and Shiva controls tamo-guna, the mode of ignorance. Of these three states of
material existence, goodness is topmost. The universe is created and destroyed again and
again. These cycles of work by Brahma and Shiva are maintained eternally by the goodness of
Vishnu. The name Vishnu means "all-pervading." Lord Vishnu dwells in the hearts of all
beings as the Supersoul, as well as within every atom. He is also the total form of the universe
(visvarupa) and the origin of Brahma and Shiva. Beyond the universe, Vishnu has His own
transcendental abode called Vaikuntha, the spiritual world. The original and most intimate
form of Vishnu is the all-attractive, ever-youthful Sri Krishna. Lord Krishna, the eternal,omniscient, and incomparably blissful Supreme Personality of Godhead, is the speaker of the
Bhagavad-gita, the most important text of the Hindu religion. The Bhagavad-gita rejects caste
by birth and any form of worship motivated by material desire. Complete surrender to Krishna
is said to surpass all other commands of dharma in the Vedas (see {Bhagavad-gita 18.66}).
Surrender to Krishna delivers the soul from the cycle of repeated birth and death (samsara-
cakra) and returns the soul back home, back to Godhead.
2. What Is Vedanta?
r
PD
------------------------------------
The highest degree of Vedic education, traditionally reserved for the sannyasis (renunciants),
is mastery of the texts known as the Upanisads. The Upanisads teach the philosophy of the
Absolute Truth (Brahman) to those seeking liberation from birth and death. Study of the
Upanisads is known as vedanta, "the conclusion of the Veda." The word upanisad means "that
which is learned by sitting close to the teacher." The texts of the Upanisads are extremely
difficult to fathom; they are to be understood only under the close guidance of a spiritual
master (guru). Because the Upanisads contain many apparently contradictory statements, the
great sage Vyasadeva (also known as Vedavyasa, Badarayana, or Dvaipayana) systematized
the Upanisadic teachings in the Vedanta-sutra, or Brahma-sutra. Vyasa's sutras are terse.
Without a fuller explanation, their meaning is difficult to grasp. In India there are five main
schools of vedanta, each established by an acarya (founder) who explained the sutras in a
bhasya (commentary).
Of the five schools, one, namely Adi Shankara's, is impersonalist. Shankara taught that
Brahman has no name, form nor personal characteristics. Shankara's school is opposed by the
four Vaishnava sampradayas founded by Ramanuja, Madhva, Nimbarka, and Vishnusvami.
Unlike the impersonalist school, Vaishnava vedanta admits the validity of Vedic statements
that establish difference (bheda) within Brahman, as well those that establish nondifference
(abheda). Taking the bheda and abheda statements together, the Vaishnava Vedantists
distinguish between three features of the one Vastu Brahman (Divine Substance):
* Vishnu as the Supreme Soul (Para Brahman).
* The individual self as the subordinate soul (Jiva Brahman).
* Matter as creative nature (Mahad Brahman).
The philosophies of the four Vaishnava sampradayas dispel the sense of mundane limitation
ordinarily associated with the word "person." Vishnu is accepted by all schools of Vaishnava
vedanta as the transcendental, unlimited Purusottama (Supreme Person), while the individual
souls and matter are His conscious and unconscious energies (cidacid-shakti).
3. What Is Siddhanta?
------------------------------------
Each Vedantist school is known for its siddhanta, or "essential conclusion" about the
relationships between God and the soul, the soul and matter, matter and matter, matter and
God, and the soul and souls. Shankara's siddhanta is advaita, "nondifference" (everything isone; therefore these five relationships are unreal). All the other siddhantas support the reality
of these relationships from various points of view. Ramanuja's siddhanta is visistadvaita,
"qualified nondifference." Madhva's siddhanta is dvaita, "difference." Vishnusvami's
siddhanta is suddhadvaita, "purified nondifference." And Nimbarka's siddhanta is dvaita-
advaita, "difference and identity."
r
PD
The Bengali branch of Madhva's sampradaya is known as the Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya
Sampradaya, or the Chaitanya Sampradaya. In the 1700s this school presented Indian
philosophers with a commentary on Vedanta-sutra written by Baladeva Vidyabhushana that
argued yet another siddhanta. It is called acintya-bhedabheda-tattva, which means
"simultaneous, inconceivable oneness and difference." In recent years this siddhanta has
become known to people all over the world due to the popularity of the books of His Divine
Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Acintya-bhedabheda philosophy maintains the
same standpoint of "difference" as Madhva's siddhanta on the fivefold relationship of God to
soul, soul to matter, matter to matter, matter to God, and soul to soul. But acintya-
bhedabheda-tattva further teaches the doctrine of shaktiparinamavada (the transformation of
the Lord's shakti), in which the origin of this fivefold differentiation is traced to the Lord's
play with His shakti, or energy. Because the souls and matter emanate from the Lord, they are
one in Him as His energy yet simultaneously distinct from Him and one another. The oneness
and difference of this fivefold relationship is called acintya, or inconceivable, because, as
Srila Prabhupada writes in his purport to Bhagavad-gita 18.78, "Nothing is different from the
Supreme, but the Supreme is always different from everything." As the transcendental origin
and coordinator of His energies, God is ever the inconceivable factor.
4. Shankara and Buddhism
------------------------------------
Sometimes Shankara's advaita-vedanta commentary is presented in books about Hinduism as
if it were the original and only vedanta philosophy. But in fact Shankara's philosophy is more
akin to Buddhism than vedanta. Buddhism is a nastika, or non-Vedic, religion. Before 600
AD, the time of Shankara's appearance, most Vedantist scholars did not endorse a doctrine of
impersonalism. Evidence gathered from the writings of pre-Shankara Buddhist scholars shows
that their Vedantist contemporaries were Purusa-vadins (purusa = "person", vadin =
"philosopher"). Purusavadins taught that the goal of Vedanta philosophy is the Mahapurusa
(Greatest Person). Bhavya, an Indian Buddhist author who lived centuries before Shankara,
wrote in the Madhyamika-hrdaya-karika that the Vedantists of his time were adherents of the
doctrine of bhedabheda (difference and nondifference). That Shankara borrowed Buddhistic
ideas was noted by the Buddhists themselves. A Buddhist writer named Bhartrhari, a
contemporary of Shankara, expressed some surprise that although Shankara was a brahmana
scholar of the Vedas, his impersonal teachings resembled Buddhism. This is admitted by the
followers of Shankara themselves. Pandit Dr. Rajmani Tigunait of the Himalayan Institute of
Yoga is a present-day exponent of advaita-vedanta; in his book, Seven Systems of Indian
Philosophy, he writes that the ideas of the Buddhist Sunyavada (voidist) philosophers are very
close to Shankara's. Shankara inserted into Vedantic discourse the Buddhistic idea of ultimate
emptiness, substituting the Upanisadic word brahman ("the Absolute") for sunya ("the void").
Because Shankara argued that all names, forms, qualities, activities and relationships are
creations of maya (illusion), even divine names and forms, his philosophy is called mayavada
(the doctrine of illusion).However, to compare Brahman with the void is philosophically untenable. The Vedanta-sutra
defines Brahman, not Maya, as the cause of everything (janmadyasya-yatah, Vedanta-sutra
1.1.2). How can that which lacks name, form, quality, and activity be the cause of that which
possesses these features? Nil posse creari de nilo: "Nothing can be created out of nothing."
Mayavadi vedanta avoids the issue of causation by arguing that the world, though empirically
real, is ultimately a dream. But dreams also have elaborate causes.
5. Differences Among the Four Vaishnava Sampradayas
r
PD
------------------------------------
The four Vaishnava sampradayas all agree that Vishnu is the cause, but they explain His
relationship with His creation differently. In visistadvaita, the material world is said to be the
body of Vishnu, the Supreme Soul. But the dvaita school does not agree that matter is
connected to Vishnu as body is to soul, because Vishnu, God, is transcendental to matter. The
world of matter is full of misery, but since Vedanta-sutra 1.1.12 defines God as anandamaya
(abundantly blissful), how can nonblissful matter be His body? The truth, according to the
dvaita school is that matter is ever separate from Vishnu but yet is eternally dependent upon
Vishnu; by God's will, says the dvaita school, matter becomes the ingredient cause of the
world. The suddhadvaita school cannot agree with the dvaita school that matter is the
ingredient cause, because matter has no independent origin apart from God. Matter is actually
not different from God in the same way an effect is not different from its cause, although
there is an appearance of difference. The example of the ocean and its waves is given by
suddhadvaita philosophers to illustrate their argument that the cause (the ocean) is the same as
the effect (the waves). The dvaitadvaita school agrees that God is both the cause and effect
but is dissatisfied with the suddhadvaita school's standpoint that there is really no difference
between God and the world. The dvaitadvaita school says that God is neither one with nor
different from the world -- He is both. A snake, the dvaitadvaita school argues, can neither be
said to have a coiled form nor a straight form. It has both forms. Similarly, God's "coiled
form" is His transcendental nonmaterial aspect, and His "straight form" is His mundane
aspect. But this explanation is not without problems. If God's personal nature is eternity,
knowledge, and bliss, how can the material world, which is temporary, full of ignorance, and
miserable, be said to be just another form of God?
6. Reconciliation of the Four Vaishnava Viewpoints
------------------------------------
The Chaitanya school reconciles these seemingly disparate views of God's relationship to the
world by arguing that the Vedic scriptures testify to God's acintya-shakti, "inconceivable
powers." God is simultaneously the cause of the world in every sense and yet distinct from
and transcendental to the world. The example given is of a spider and its web. The web
emanates from the spider's body, so the spider may be taken as the ingredient cause of the
web. But that does not make the spider and the web one and the same. The spider is always a
separate and distinct entity from its web. Yet again, while the spider never is the web, the
existence of the web cannot be separated from the spider.There is a further lesson to be learned from this example: while the spider is clearly different
from its web-creation, it nonetheless is acutely conscious of every corner of it. In
philosophical terms, we could say the spider is transcendental to the web by its identity, yet
simultaneously immanent throughout the web by its knowledge. This is a simple yet powerful
demonstration of acintya-bhedabheda-tattva. Lord Krishna, in Bhagavad-gita 9.4 and 5, says
He pervades the whole universe by His complete awareness of the spiritual and material
energies that make up the creation. Yet at the same time, in His identity as the source of
everything, He stands apart from the cosmic manifestation.
r
PD
The web is compared to God's maya-shakti (power of illusion), which emanates from the Real
but is not real itself. "Not real" means that the features of maya (the tri-guna, or three modes
of material nature: goodness, passion, and ignorance) are temporary. "Not real" does not mean
the material world does not exist. The essential ingredient (vastu) of the world is real, because
it is the energy of God. But the form this energy takes at the time of cosmic creation is
temporary. Therefore the maya-shakti is said to be unreal. Reality is that which is eternal: God
and God's svarupa-shakti (spiritual energy). The temporal features of the material world are
manifestations of the maya-shakti, not of God Himself. These features of maya bewilder the
souls of this world, but they cannot bewilder God. God appears within this material world as
the supreme person, yet He is not bound by this world, exactly as a spider moving anywhere
in its web-creation is not bound by it.
7. Sanatana-dharma
------------------------------------
Brahman, the Absolute Truth, the goal of vedanta, may be achieved in two ways. One way is
by vedanta-darshan, or the philosophical comprehension of the conclusion of the Vedas, as
described previously. Another way is by sanatana-dharma, the eternal religion of vedanta.
Both darshan and sanatana-dharma are taught in the Bhagavad-gita, spoken by Sri Krishna to
His disciple Arjuna 5000 years ago at Kuruksetra.
Darshan is explained in Bhagavad-gita 7.19:
bahunam janmanam ante
jnanavan mam prapadyate
vasudevah sarvam iti
sa mahatma su-durlabhah
"After many births and deaths, he who is actually in knowledge surrenders unto Me, knowing
Me to be the cause of all causes and all that is. Such a great soul is very rare."
Sanatana-dharma is explained in Bhagavad-gita 18.66. This verse is the culmination of the
entire text:
sarva-dharman parityajya
mam ekam saranam vraja
aham tvam sarva-papebhyo
moksayisyami ma sucah"Abandon all varieties of religion and just surrender unto Me. I shall deliver you from all
sinful reactions. Do not fear."
In both darshan and sanatana-dharma, surrender to Krishna is the goal, because Krishna is the
goal of the Vedas, as confirmed in Bhagavad-gita 15.15: vedais ca sarvair aham eva vedyo
vedanta-krd veda-vid eva caham, "By all the Vedas, I am to be known. Indeed, I am the
compiler of vedanta, and I am the knower of the Vedas."
What is the difference between religion (dharma) that is eternal (sanatana) and religion that is
not eternal? The noneternal religion, which in Bhagavad-gita 18.66 Krishna asks us to give
up, is of two types: bhoga-dharma and tyaga-dharma.
PD
Bhoga-dharma, the religion of work (karma) for sensual pleasure in this life and the next, is
summed up in Bhagavad-gita 2.42-43 thusly:
"Men of small knowledge are very much attached to the flowery words of the Vedas, which
recommend various fruitive activities for elevation to heavenly planets, resultant good birth,
power, and so forth. Being desirous of sense gratification (bhoga) and opulent life (aisvarya),
they say that there is nothing more than this."
r
Tyaga-dharma, the religion of withdrawal from karma, is rejected by Lord Krishna in this
verse:
"Not by merely abstaining from work can one achieve freedom from reaction, nor by
renunciation alone can one attain perfection." (Bhagavad-gita 3.4)
Sanatana-dharma, the eternal religion, is bhakti-yoga, the yoga of devotional service to Lord
Krishna. Shunning both work for selfish pleasure and the stoppage of all work, the bhakti-
yogi works only for Krishna's pleasure. Bhakti-yoga liberates the soul from entanglement in
the web of tri-guna (the three modes of material nature) and transfers the liberated soul to
Krishna. Krishna's transcendental personal form is the source and basis of the impersonal
Brahman effulgence (brahmajyoti), which shines forever beyond the darkness of material
nature. This is all confirmed in Bhagavad-gita 14.26 and 27:
"One who engages in full devotional service, unfailing in all circumstances, at once
transcends the modes of material nature and thus comes to the level of Brahman."
"And I am the basis of the impersonal Brahman, which is immortal, imperishable and eternal
and is the constitutional position of ultimate happiness."
Sanatana-dharma is exemplified in the lives of the mahatmas, or great souls. Their religious
practices are described in Bhagavad-gita 9.14 and 15:
"O son of Prtha, those who are not deluded, the great souls, are under the protection of the
divine nature. They are fully engaged in devotional service because they know Me as the
Supreme Personality of Godhead, original and inexhaustible."
"Always chanting My glories, endeavoring with great determination, bowing down before
Me, these great souls perpetually worship Me with devotion."Krishna spoke the Bhagavad-gita shortly before the beginning of the Kali-yuga, the present
age of darkness, sin, and quarrel. After Krishna departed this world, mayavada philosophy
became prominent. Because mayavada philosophy denies that Krishna is the eternal,
transcendental Personality of Godhead, and because it distorts His teachings on bhakti-yoga
with impersonal speculation, it thwarts both the method and goal of sanatana-dharma. Modern
Hindus, confused by mayavada ideas, think mundane politics and social work are the method
of dharma. And they think the goal of dharma is the impersonal jyoti (light). The mayavadis
claim the jyoti is the truth behind God's personal form. But this claim is in direct opposition to
Bhagavad-gita 14.27. Thus the path of the mahatmas given in the Bhagavad-gita is lost in
much of Hinduism today.
r
PD
Taking compassion upon the unfortunate, misguided souls of Kali-yuga, Lord Krishna
descended again, only 500 years ago, to show mankind by His own example how to practice
sanatana-dharma according to the Bhagavad-gita. This incarnation of Krishna is the Golden
Avatara, Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Lord Chaitanya accepted initiation from Isvara Puri of
the Madhva Sampradaya. From Madhva's school, Lord Chaitanya accepted two principles: (1)
opposition to and defeat of mayavada philosophy, and (2) worship of the transcendental form
of Lord Krishna as the path of eternal religion. The first principle is darshan, and the second is
sanatana-dharma. These two principles are the philosophical and religious foundation of the
International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), established by His Divine Grace
A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada.
In Bhagavad-gita 4.2, Lord Krishna declares that the principles of eternal religion are handed
down via the guru-parampara (disciplic succession). The parampara system protects eternal
religious principles from corruption by unauthorized teachers who, without following the
principles themselves, interpret the Bhagavad-gita through their speculative opinions. The
disciplic succession of Madhva and Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is known as the Brahma
Sampradaya, because it originates with Brahma, who received Vedic knowledge from Krishna
at the beginning of creation. Brahma's disciple is Narada, and Narada's disciple is Vyasa, who
composed the Vedanta-sutra. After Lord Chaitanya accepted this sampradaya as His own, it
was called the Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya Sampradaya. In our time, this disciplic succession
and its teachings of sanatana-dharma are represented to the whole world by ISKCON.
Following in the parampara tradition, members of ISKCON refrain from adharma (irreligion)
in the form of meat-eating, illicit sex, gambling, and intoxication, and follow sanatana-dharma
as shown by the mahatmas.
8. The Avataras of Godhead
------------------------------------
After explaining that eternal religious principles are handed down via guru-parampara, Lord
Krishna then told Arjuna that from time to time, the system of disciplic succession breaks
down. This is called dharmasya glanih, the disruption of dharma. When dharma is disrupted,
humanity's very purpose is disrupted. The Vedic scriptures state, "Both animals and men
share the activities of eating, sleeping, mating and defending. But the special capacity of the
humans is that they are able to engage in spiritual life (dharma). Without spiritual life, humans
are no better than animals." (Hitopadesa) In order to save humanity from the animalism of
irreligion, Lord Krishna says tadatmanam srjamy aham: "At that time I descend Myself."
(B.g. 4.7)When Sri Krishna descends from the world of spirit into the world of matter, His appearance
here is called avatara. The Sanskrit word avatara is often rendered into English as
"incarnation." It is wrong, however, to think that Krishna incarnates in a body made of
physical elements. The seventh and eighth chapters of Bhagavad-gita distinguish at length
between the material nature (apara-prakrti), visible as the temporary substances of earth,
water, fire, air and ethereal space, and God's own spiritual nature (para-prakrti), which is
invisible (avyakta), eternal (sanatana) and infallible (aksara). When the Lord descends, by His
mercy the invisible becomes visible. As Krishna states in B.g. 4.6, "I descend by My own
nature, incarnating in My form of spiritual energy" (prakrtim svam adhisthaya sambhavamy
atma-mayaya). In 4.9 He declares, janma karma ca me divyam, "My appearance and activities
are divine." Only fools think Krishna takes birth as does an ordinary human being (B.g. 9.11).
r
PD
God has many incarnations. But of all of them, that form described in Bhagavad-gita 11.50 as
the most beautiful (saumya-vapu) is God's own original form (svakam rupam). This is the
eternal form of Krishna, the all-charming lotus-eyed youth whose body is the shape of
spiritual ecstasy. The Srimad Bhagavata Purana confirms that Krishna is the original form of
Vishnu: ete camsa-kalah pumsah krishnas tu bhagavan svayam indrari-vyakulam lokam
mrdayanti yuge yuge, which means, "All of the incarnations of Vishnu listed in the scriptures
are expansions of the Lord. Lord Sri Krishna is the original Personality of Godhead. All
avataras appear in the world whenever there is a disturbance created by the atheists. The Lord
incarnates to protect the theists." (Srimad-Bhagavatam 1.3.28)
The Srimad-Bhagavatam provides us with the authorized list of scheduled incarnations of
Godhead, of whom the dasavatara (ten avataras) are particularly celebrated. The ten are
Matsya (the Lord's form of a gigantic golden fish), Kurma (the turtle), Varaha (the boar), Sri
Nrsingha (half-man, half-lion), Parasurama (the hermit who wields an ax), Vamana (a small
brahmana boy), Sri Rama (the Lord of Ayodhya), Baladeva (Lord Krishna's brother), Buddha
(the sage who cheated the atheists), and Kalki (who will depopulate the world of all degraded,
sinful men).
There are two broad categories of avataras. Some, like Sri Krishna, Sri Rama and Sri
Nrsingha, are Vishnu-tattva, direct forms of God Himself, the source of all power. Others are
individual souls (jiva-tattva) who are empowered by the Lord in one or more of seven ways:
with knowledge, devotion, creative ability, personal service to God, rulership over the
material world, power to support planets, or power to destroy rogues and miscreants. This
second category of avatara is called shaktyavesa. Included herein are Buddha, Christ and
Muhammed.
The Mayavadis think that "form" necessarily means "limitation." God is omnipresent,
unlimited and therefore formless, they argue. When he reveals His avatara form within this
world, that form, being limited in presence to a particular place and time, cannot be the real
God. It is only an indication of God. But in fact it is not God's form that is limited. It is only
the Mayavadis' conception of form that is limited, because that conception is grossly physical.
God's form is of the nature of supreme consciousness. Being spiritual, it is called suksma,
"most subtle." There is no contradiction between the omnipresence of something subtle and
its having form. The most subtle material phenomena we can perceive is sound. Sound may
be formless (as noise) or it may have form (as music). Because sound is subtle, its having
form does not affect its ability to pervade a huge building. Similarly, God's having form does
not affect His ability to pervade the entire universe. Since God's form is finer than the finestmaterial subtlety, it is completely inappropriate for Mayavadis to compare His form to gross
hunks of matter.
Because they believe God's form is grossly physical, Mayavadis often argue that any and all
embodied creatures may be termed avataras. Any number of "living gods" are being
proclaimed within India and other parts of the world today. Some of these gods are mystics,
some are charismatics, some are politicians, and some are sexual athletes. But none of them
are authorized by the Vedic scriptures. They represent only the mistaken Mayavadi idea that
the one formless unlimited Truth appears in endless gross, physical human incarnations, and
that you and me and I and he are therefore all together God. And since each god has a
different idea of what dharma is, the final truth, according to mayavada philosophy, is that the
paths of all gods lead to the same goal. This idea is as unenlightened as it is impractical.
r
PD
When ordinary people proclaim themselves to be God, and that whatever they are doing is
Vedic dharma, that is dharmasya glanih, a disturbance to eternal religious principles.
Therefore Krishna came again, 500 years ago, as the Golden Avatara, Sri Chaitanya
Mahaprabhu. He established the yuga-dharma, the correct form of sanatana-dharma for our
time. Sri Chaitanya's appearance was predicted in Srimad-Bhagavatam 11.5.32: "In this Age
of Kali, people who are endowed with sufficient intelligence will worship the Lord, who is
accompanied by His associates, by congregational chanting of the holy names of God."
The Avatara of the Deity and the Holy Name
------------------------------------
The transcendental vibration hare krishna, hare krishna, krishna krishna, hare hare / hare
rama, hare rama, rama rama, hare hare is the avatara of the Lord in the form of the holy name
(kali-kale nama-rupe krishna-avatara, from Chaitanya-caritamrta Adi-lila 17.22). Anyone can
prove to his own satisfaction that the Lord and His name are not different simply by chanting
this spiritual sound constantly. The proof is the transcendental bliss (kevala-ananda) that
envelops the soul the more the holy name is chanted. This higher taste renders insignificant
the taste for degraded material pleasures like illicit sex, meat-eating, gambling and
intoxication. Anarthopasamam saksad bhakti-yogam adhoksaje: the eternal religion, or the
yoga of pure devotion (bhakti) to Krishna, is evinced by the disappearance of sinful habits
(anarthas.)
As Krishna appears in the sound of His holy name, so also He appears within the arca-avatara,
His incarnation as the Deity worshiped in the temple. The central focus of every ISKCON
temple around the world is the worship of Krishna's Deity form as represented in stone, metal,
wood or as painted pictures. Through ceremonial services (puja) conducted according to
Vedic tradition, the devotees fulfill the Lord's injunction in Bhagavad-gita 9.27: "Whatever
you do, whatever you eat, whatever you offer or give away, and whatever austerities you
perform -- do that, O son of Kunti, as an offering to Me." This puja purifies the minds and
senses of the devotees and connects them to Krishna in an attitude of love.
Mayavadis decry service to the Deity as idol worship. They argue that God is not present
within the Deity, because He is everywhere. But if He is everywhere, then why is He not
within the Deity as well? Moisture is also everywhere, even within the air. But when one
needs a drink of water, he cannot get it from the air. He must drink the water from where
water tangibly avails itself to be drunk: from a faucet, a well, or a clear stream. Similarly,although God is everywhere, it is in His Deity form that He makes Himself tangibly available
for worship.
PD
------------------------------------
"Back home, Back to Godhead" -- what does it mean? It means the return of our
consciousness to Krishna. Consciousness is the symptom of the soul and the reservoir of our
desires. As conscious souls, each one of us is a tiny aspect of Krishna's personal spiritual
potency (see Bhagavad-gita 15.7). Just as Krishna is eternally a person, so are we. But now
our original personal nature is covered by Maya (illusion). Maya diverts consciousness away
from Krishna. The temporary forms of the material world then become the objects of our
consciousness and all its desires. Thus prema (the soul's love for God) is perverted into kama
(lust for material sense gratification). As long we confuse lust for love, we must take birth in
this world again and again. For a devotee of Krishna, the method of liberation from birth and
death is the method of purifying consciousness and desires until the ecstasy of pure Krishna
consciousness is achieved. As the word ecstasy indicates (Greek ekstasis, "outside the body"),
Krishna consciousness transports the soul beyond identification with the material body.
r
All the great religions of mankind teach that this present life is meant to cultivate the afterlife
of the soul. Among the various sects within Judaeo-Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and
Buddhism, two paths of cultivation can be discerned: 1) the path of elevation, and 2) the path
of salvation.
1) The elevationists aim for an elevated state of material happiness in the afterlife. Their hope
is to join their family and friends in the celestial realm known as heaven in the Bible and
svarga in the Vedas. The Bhagavad-gita warns that although life in heaven is much longer
than on earth, it is not eternal: "When they have thus enjoyed vast heavenly sense pleasure
and the results of their pious activities are exhausted, they return to this mortal planet again.
Thus those who seek sense enjoyment by adhering to the principles of elevation achieve only
repeated birth and death." (Bhagavad-gita 9.21)
2) Salvationists, on the other hand, aim to be saved from their mortality. Buddhists, Mayavadi
Hindu Vedantists, as well as Judaeo-Christian and Islamic Sufi mystics, often speak of
salvation as the surrender of the mortal self to the eternal light that is Nirvana, Brahman or
God. Some speak of salvation as a state of unbroken prayerful contemplation upon a personal
deity. These are descriptions of impersonal Brahman and Paramatma realization. Impersonal
Brahman, as explained in previous articles, is the formless effulgence of Lord Krishna's
personal form. Mystics and yogis who are able to negate their minds' attachments to the world
of material form may lose themselves within this formless light. Paramatma is Krishna's form
as the Supersoul, who dwells within the hearts of all living beings as the overseer and
permitter (see Bhagavad-gita 13.23). Paramatma realization is semi-personal, because the
salvationist's relationship to the Supersoul in the heart remains passive. More than wanting to
serve God, the salvationist wants to be saved from death and rebirth. Thus impersonal
Brahman and semi-personal Paramatma realization are incomplete.
A famous verse in Srimad-Bhagavatam explains how complete realization of the Personality
of Godhead is to be cultivated.sravanam kirtanam visnoh
smaranam pada-sevanam
arcanam vandanam dasyam
sakhyam atma-nivedanam
"Hearing and chanting about the transcendental holy name, form, qualities, paraphernalia and
pastimes of Lord Krishna, remembering them, serving the lotus feet of the Lord, offering the
Lord respectful worship with sixteen types of paraphernalia, offering prayers to the Lord,
becoming His servant, considering the Lord one's best friend, and surrendering everything
unto Him (in other words, serving Him with the body, mind and words) -- these nine
processes are accepted as pure devotional service." (Srimad-Bhagavatam 7.5.23)
r
PD
After the steady practice of these nine processes awakens the ecstasy of love of Krishna in the
devotee's heart, Krishna appears before the devotee. At that time all the senses of the devotee
(the eyes, nose, ears, tongue, sense of touch) become the receptacles of the auspicious
qualities of Krishna: His supreme beauty, fragrance, melody, youthfulness, tastefulness,
munificence and mercy. The Lord reveals first His beauty to the eyes of the devotee. Due to
the sweetness of that beauty, all the senses and the mind take on the quality of eyes. From this
the devotee swoons. To console the devotee, the Lord next reveals His fragrance to the
nostrils of the devotee, and by this, the devotee's senses take on the quality of the nose in
order to smell. Again the devotee swoons in bliss. The Lord then reveals His sonorous voice
to the devotee's ears. All the senses become like ears to hear, and for the third time the
devotee faints. The Lord then mercifully gives the touch of His lotus feet, His hands and His
chest to the devotee, and the devotee experiences the Lord's fresh youthfulness. To those who
love the Lord in the mood of servitude, He places His lotus feet on their heads. To those in the
mood of friendship, He grasps their hands with His. To those in the mood of parental
affection, with His hand He wipes away their tears. Those in the conjugal mood He embraces,
touching them with His hands and chest. Then the devotee's senses all take on the sense of
touch and the devotee faints again. In this way, the devotee attains his rasa (spiritual
relationship) with Krishna. There are five rasas: santa (passive awe and reverence); dasya
(servitude); sakhya (friendship); vatsalya (parenthood); and madhurya (conjugal love). The
most fortunate salvationists can attain only the santa-rasa. The four higher rasas are reserved
for Krishna's pure devotees.
By flooding the senses with eternal nectar from the original, pure source of pleasure -- God
Himself -- love of Krishna completely liberates the devotee from attraction to temporary
material sense pleasures. Thus the consciousness of the soul completely takes shelter of its
original position as an eternal associate of the Lord in the spiritual world. As long as he or she
still possesses a physical body, the fully Krishna conscious devotee is called jivan-mukta,
liberated while still within the material world. When he or she gives up the physical body, the
fully Krishna conscious devotee remains forever with Krishna in the spiritual world. This is
videha-mukti, liberation that transcends the material world altogether. According to the kind
of rasa achieved, the soul in liberation displays a spiritual form as Krishna's eternal servant,
friend, parent or conjugal lover. Just as our present material body permits us to engage in
karma (physical activities), so the spiritual rasa-body permits us to engage in lila (Krishna's
endlessly expanding spiritual activities).